Surface modification is a core concept and interdisciplinary research field in materials science and engineering. It involves the deliberate alteration of the chemical, physical, or biological properties of a material's outermost layer, typically within the first few nanometers to micrometers, without substantially changing the bulk material's characteristics. This field investigates various methods for achieving such alterations, including chemical treatments, physical deposition, and biological functionalization, examining the resulting structural, compositional, and functional changes at the surface. Its significance stems from its capacity to engineer surfaces with tailored interactions and performance, enabling the development of advanced materials with enhanced properties like improved adhesion, controlled wettability, biocompatibility, catalytic activity, or wear resistance for diverse applications across numerous technological domains.